The International Education Architecture: Some Reflections

In this NORRAG Highlights, Steven J. Klees, Professor of International Education Policy at the University of Maryland, takes a critical look at Nick Burnett’s recently published essay in the “International Journal of Educational Development” on the international architecture for education – Burnett is a Senior Fellow at Results for Development Institute. In this post, Klees reflects on Burnett’s analysis and offers some thoughts on the global education crisis and what needs to be done to tackle it.

Last month, the U.N. High Level Political Forum met to consider progress and prospects for SDG4, the education goal. The meeting was accompanied by dire warnings that we are way off track and that, if current trends continue, we won’t even reach the minimal goal of universal primary education (UPE) by 2030. The international community has been promising UPE since the 1960s, and right now it looks like it won’t be achieved even 70 years later, not to mention all of SDG4’s more ambitious goals. Something is seriously wrong!

Tackling a big part of the problem, Nick Burnett recently published an invited essay in the International Journal of Educational Development entitled: “It’s past time to fix the broken international architecture for education.” Note that Burnett, a senior fellow at Results for Development Institute and formerly of UNESCO and the World Bank, is not just targeting the financial aid architecture but the whole ball of wax – he has a 300-word footnote listing the many public, private, bilateral, and multilateral organizations that “set and follow international policy for education.” Clearly, this is a big task for his short essay and even bigger for this shorter blog post in which I reflect on some of Burnett’s analysis and offer some of my own thoughts.

Burnett begins by arguing that this international architecture is “failing the world” as evidenced by many things, including: stagnating numbers of out-of-school children; a continuing learning crisis; unmet “huge global financing requirements;” and insufficient attention to the neediest countries. In his essay, Burnett makes at least two other points with which I agree. First, UNESCO’s paltry budget and U.S. withdrawal make it difficult to assume the leadership position it should naturally have. Even the highly regarded UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the Global Education Monitoring Report struggle for adequate funding. Second, Burnett points out the “recent proliferation of new funding agencies” is “further fragmenting an already broken architecture with even more actors.” Below, I consider some of the problems with his analysis of the situation and with what needs to be done.

Lack of Knowledge

Burnett argues: “It is astonishing how little we know about what works in education and how poorly we disseminate what we do know.” I disagree completely. There is abundant knowledge about why children are not in school, what it takes to get them there, and what a classroom conducive to a broad view of learning necessitates. We need well-educated teachers, small class sizes, good learning materials, a decent school environment, and sufficient scholarships to make up for the direct and indirect costs of schooling to families. Burnett seems to think more RCTs can help direct spending, but I see that evidence as easily contestable and mostly a waste of hundreds of millions of dollars. Most RCTs take a very inadequate education infrastructure, make one small change, and try to see if it “works” to improve a very narrow definition of learning. We are never going to improve much a narrow or broad view of learning within the current grossly inadequate constraints of education in most developing countries.

Burnett also calls for a “central clearinghouse or depository for knowledge about education that encompasses research from around the world.” This is an awful idea. The World Bank’s desire to be the “Knowledge Bank” has been extensively critiqued, but since 2011, it has tried to fulfill Burnett’s call for a central clearinghouse with its SABER system. However, as a recent critique elaborates, SABER’s massive analysis of 16,000 indicators of so-called “best practices” in education is mostly a one-size-fits-all, biased ideological promotion of neoliberal education remedies (Klees et al. forthcoming). The search for better education is not a technical exercise.

Lack of Prioritization

Burnett complains that the education goal, SDG4, “does not suggest priorities, leaving these to individual countries.” In particular, he sees the “higher and post-secondary aspects of SDG4” as irresponsible, “a vague and irrelevant goal.” For Burnett, responsible leadership “would have insisted on universal basic education for Africa as the overriding global goal.” To the contrary, the emphasis on UPE over the past 50 years hasn’t even yielded UPE. The associated neglect of higher education has led to its privatization and the reinforcement of developing countries competing in the international economy based on low-wage labor. It should not be the international community who tells developing country governments to ignore higher education.

Influence of the Private Sector

At several points in his essay, Burnett opines that the private sector should have more influence in the international architecture of education. He laments that “no one has adequately stood up to recent moves to limit non-state education.” In particular, he criticizes what he calls the “Right to Education Initiative lobby” that helped produce the Abidjan Principles, an international statement based in human rights law on the obligations of nations to provide public education and regulate private education.

In my view, the private sector has entirely too much influence on the international architecture for education, and the Abidjan Principles are a welcome potential brake on the global juggernaut of private schooling. While Burnett is correct that many parents are choosing to send their children to private schools, this is because for 40 years, neoliberalism has yielded gross underinvestment in public education which needs to be reversed. The right to education isn’t a “lobby” but a set of principles which are mostly neglected in practice within today’s architecture.

What to Do?

Burnett closes his essay by arguing we need to publicly recognize that the current architecture has failed and therefore initiate a global conversation about how to fix it. He proposes two initial steps: “The establishment of a specific mechanism to fund global public goods in education; and…[a] major initiative to combine technical and financial support to low-income countries….” While both might be welcome, I believe that neither will help much. Education is not in crisis because we don’t have better knowledge and data but because it is drastically underfunded. Burnett’s latter initiative seems less focused on needed finance than on his belief that the major constraint low-income countries face is limited technical capacity. But this is more an issue of finance than it is of technical assistance. Ministries have been stretched to the bone by 40 years of neoliberal policies that have cut real salaries and staff.

What is needed are much more sweeping changes. Burnett might not see these as “realistic” or “feasible,” but then neither have been our EFA goals or the MDGs or the SDGs. It is shameful that the international community has put forth such goals without ever making the efforts necessary to achieve them. Tinkering will not get us there. What will get us there is uncertain, but, to me, we will need to radically reform how we approach education and international development, as suggested below.

We need to resuscitate UNESCO. UNESCO is the only international organization with the legitimacy to look at education as a whole globally. Yes, “one country, one vote” makes UNESCO inherently political, but education is necessarily enmeshed in politics. Its $50 million regular budget is a pittance; the World Bank’s annual expenditures on education is 90 times as large. Future generations will look back in horror that we let a bank and its ideologically-driven economists have so much power in education. We also need to re-think the current proliferation of new organizations to finance education whose lack of coordination and limited budgets don’t bode well for meeting SGD4.

But, to me, the biggest problem underlying the international architecture for education is the present international architecture for development. At least three major changes are needed in the latter in order to have any hope that the former can succeed in transforming education. First, we need a sea change in international development finance. At a minimum, the so-called developed countries need to live up to their decades-long commitment to devote 0.7% of GDP to ODA. But more than that, we must give the U.N. the ability to tax and spend if the SDGs are ever going to materialize. International assistance must no longer be viewed as charity but as a right to correct long-standing and current injustices. In the U.S., discussions about reparations for slavery are beginning; what about thinking of global wealth transfers as international reparations for colonialism and continuing neocolonialism? We will never have the financial resources needed for education without such reforms.

Second, it has been 75 years since the Bretton Woods conference resulted in the World Bank and the IMF. Neither is any longer fit for purpose in today’s world – if they ever were. Their stranglehold on development financing and policy has been driven for the past 40 years by a neoliberal, market fundamentalist, ideological perspective. They are governed almost exclusively by developed countries, and they have led to an increasingly unequal world where the basic necessities of the majority of the world’s population have been far from met. We need a new Bretton Woods conference to drastically reform their mandate, governance, and operations. Education policy should not be at the mercy of international financial institutions.

Third, we need to dial way back the involvement of the private sector in influencing development directions, policies, and programs. As a former business school professor of mine used to say: “The business of business is business.” Contrary to current hype, business leaders have neither the knowledge nor experience with how to deal with complex social problems that have no “bottom line” and are embroiled in disagreements about facts and values. Moreover, business leaders have no legitimacy to be so engaged. Yet, in this neoliberal era, they have been involved at the highest level of decision-making and they push for more. The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) 2009 Global Redesign Initiative is a plan to turn the entire U.N. into a public private partnership – and it is being implemented! The U.N. just quietly, without any public scrutiny, signed an MOU with the WEF to establish “multistakeholder governance groups,” comprised mainly of multinational corporations, as an integral part of its governance structure. This is but one example – a frightening one – of how pervasive the privatization of development policy and practice has become and how challenging it in education requires challenging the whole development architecture.

To make SDG4 a reality, to make all the SDGs a reality, means we need a sea change in the entire international development architecture. Of course, it is developing countries themselves that need to be an integral part of the sea change, one that resuscitates governments from their neoliberal marginalization into ones that work with civil society to increase their capacity to tax and spend in ways that yield progress. Tinkering with the international education architecture will not get us anywhere. Indeed, the changes called for above mean challenging 40 years of neoliberal capitalism – and perhaps capitalism itself. Without doing so, we will get to 2030 and, once again, be confronted by unfulfilled promises.

References

Klees, S., Ginsburg, M., Anwar, H., Baker Robbins, M., Bloom, H., Busacca, C., Corwith, A., DeCoster, B., Fiore, A., Gasior, S., Le, H.M., Primo, L.H. and T.D. Reedy. forthcoming. “The World Bank’s SABER: A Critical Analysis,” Comparative Education Review.

About the author: Steven J. Klees is a professor of international education policy at the University of Maryland. His publications include co-editor of The World Bank and Education: Critiques and Alternatives (Sense 2012). He is a former president of the Comparative and International Education Society.

Editor’s Note: This post is part of a public dialogue mini-series of posts in relation to emerging topics on the international architecture for education. If you are an author(s) and wish to respond to this mini-series, please email your contribution to blog@norrag.org Submission guidelines can be found here: https://www.norrag.eight-id.com/contribute/

Contribute: The NORRAG Blog provides a platform for debate and ideas exchange for education stakeholders. Therefore if you would like to contribute to the discussion by writing your own blog post please visit our dedicated contribute page for detailed instructions on how to submit.

Disclaimer: NORRAG’s blog offers a space for dialogue about issues, research and opinion on education and development. The views and factual claims made in NORRAG posts are the responsibility of their authors and are not necessarily representative of NORRAG’s opinion, policy or activities.